Suppose an elderly
family member becomes incapacitated and has made no arrangements for such a
situation. Advance directives are
legal instructions that express a person’s wishes regarding financial and
health care decisions in the event that he or she becomes unable to make them.
If incapacity occurs and there are no advance directives, is guardianship a
viable option?
Guardianship for an
adult differs from guardianship for a minor child. For minors, it involves
parenting because children require adult supervision until they reach a certain
age. Further, minors have not yet earned societal rights, such as the right to
vote or drive, so they do not give up any rights with guardianship.
By contrast, an
adult who is accustomed to making his or her own decisions typically loses the
right to vote, hold a driver’s license, marry, and draft a will (laws may vary
by state) when placed under guardianship. The guardian, appointed by the court,
becomes the decision-maker with the
power to make some, if not all, financial and health care decisions for an
incapacitated person.
Guardianship for an
adult is considered to be a serious intervention and is not enforced until after a clear need becomes evident. At a
minimum, most states require a court hearing and examination by a physician
and/or psychologist to determine incompetence. The person for whom guardianship
has been petitioned (i.e., the ward) must be informed of his or her
rights and notified that a court hearing has been scheduled. Proposed wards
generally have the right to retain an attorney and to object to the petition
for guardianship, even if incapacity prevents them from attending the hearing.
It is important to understand
that bouts of confusion or eccentricity do not necessarily indicate mental
incompetency. For example, an older individual may appear to be spending money
frivolously, but that alone may not indicate an inability to manage his
or her personal finances. Or, consider what would happen if the court appointed
a guardian for someone in a coma who later recovers consciousness. Therefore,
guardianship for an adult is used only as a last resort in the absence of
advance directives.
Advance Directives
Advance directives can help a person plan for a variety of possible situations. A durable power of attorney grants
authority to another person to make legal and financial decisions on a person’s
behalf in the event of mental incapacity. The powers granted can be broad or
limited in scope. A durable power of attorney can provide assistance with
personal finances, insurance policies, government benefits, estate plans,
retirement plans, and business interests.
A living will allows an individual to state his or her preferences prior to
incompetency regarding the giving or withholding of life-sustaining medical
treatment. In most states, a person must have a “terminal condition,” be in a
“persistent vegetative state,” or be “permanently unconscious” before
life-support can be withdrawn. The definition of these terms and the medical
conditions covered may vary from state to state.
A health
care proxy allows a person to appoint an agent to make health care
decisions on his or her behalf in the event of incapacity. These medical
decisions are not limited to those involving artificial life-support.
Time Is of the Essence
Advance directives by durable power of
attorney, living will, or health care proxy are generally inexpensive and easy
to implement. They are essential estate planning tools available to everyone,
regardless of age. In the absence of such documents, court intervention to
appoint a guardian may be necessary. This could involve a great deal of time,
expense, and stress at precisely the moment when ease of action is of the
greatest importance.
